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ALL results from an acquired (not inherited) genetic injury to the DNA of a single cell in the bone marrow. Exposure to high doses of irradiation, as carefully studied in the Japanese survivors of atomic bomb detonations, is one such factor. The principal subtypes are uncovered by special tests on the leukemic lymphoblasts called "immunophenotyping." Phenotype is the physical characteristics of the cells and these are measured using immune tools. The principle subtypes are T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte types, so named because the cell has features that are similar to normal T or B lymphocytes. In addition, the B cell type can be divided into a precursor B cell type, as well. Most patients feel a loss of well-being.
They may have a pale complexion from anemia. To diagnose the disease, the blood and marrow cells must be examined.
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